Shahid Chamran University of AhvazIrrigation Sciences and Engineering2588-595242420191222Investigating the Impressibility of Groundwater Level from Infiltration and Seepage in Water Conveyance Channels (Case Study: Boldaji)Investigating the Impressibility of Groundwater Level from Infiltration and Seepage in Water Conveyance Channels (Case Study: Boldaji)1141438510.22055/jise.2017.21103.1519FAEhsanTavakoliPh.D. Graduate, Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran, and P.G. Researcher, Young Researchers and Elite Club, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad.BehzadGhorbaniAssociate Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.MehiRadfarAssistant Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.HosseinSamadi BorujeniAssistant Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.BijanGhahramanProfessor, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.Journal Article20170206Groundwater is the main source of potable water for more than 1.5 billion people throughout the world, including arid and semi-arid regions like Iran. Literature review showed that there is no use of the dimensional similitude and physical modelling for estimating seepage from channels and its effect on the groundwater, yet. Thus, in order to better understand this phenomenon, the current study aimed at investigating the effects of infiltration and seepage on the groundwater recharge at different water level depths. Numerous studies have been conducted to assess the groundwater recharge, such as Yin et al. (2011) that utilized some methods such as the water table fluctuation method and the Darcian flux and water balance method in China. Similarly, using data from some irrigation projects and piezometric level data, Ochoa et al. (2013) evaluated the effects of seepage on the groundwater recharge in New Mexico. Moreover, Demlie (2015) compared the water balance method and the chloride mass balance method to quantify and investigate the groundwater recharge in Ethiopia. In the current research, the earth channel of Boldaji with loamy soil, located in Borujen city, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, was chosen as the prototype. The dimensions of such a channel were transmitted to laboratory models at soil mechanics lab at Shahrekord University. Using dimensional similitude equations, 9 discharges (40-161 l/s) and 4 water-table depths (0.75, 0.8, 0.85 and 0.9 m from soil surface) were converted to the applicable discharges of the model. The results of the laboratory physical model showed that the infiltrated water raised the groundwater 3.5-11 cm. The values of recharged groundwater were, in turn, calculated by means of water balance method and the results showed no suitable estimates of such a method for the trapezoid and triangle cross-sections.Groundwater is the main source of potable water for more than 1.5 billion people throughout the world, including arid and semi-arid regions like Iran. Literature review showed that there is no use of the dimensional similitude and physical modelling for estimating seepage from channels and its effect on the groundwater, yet. Thus, in order to better understand this phenomenon, the current study aimed at investigating the effects of infiltration and seepage on the groundwater recharge at different water level depths. Numerous studies have been conducted to assess the groundwater recharge, such as Yin et al. (2011) that utilized some methods such as the water table fluctuation method and the Darcian flux and water balance method in China. Similarly, using data from some irrigation projects and piezometric level data, Ochoa et al. (2013) evaluated the effects of seepage on the groundwater recharge in New Mexico. Moreover, Demlie (2015) compared the water balance method and the chloride mass balance method to quantify and investigate the groundwater recharge in Ethiopia. In the current research, the earth channel of Boldaji with loamy soil, located in Borujen city, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, was chosen as the prototype. The dimensions of such a channel were transmitted to laboratory models at soil mechanics lab at Shahrekord University. Using dimensional similitude equations, 9 discharges (40-161 l/s) and 4 water-table depths (0.75, 0.8, 0.85 and 0.9 m from soil surface) were converted to the applicable discharges of the model. The results of the laboratory physical model showed that the infiltrated water raised the groundwater 3.5-11 cm. The values of recharged groundwater were, in turn, calculated by means of water balance method and the results showed no suitable estimates of such a method for the trapezoid and triangle cross-sections.https://jise.scu.ac.ir/article_14385_0aea063defc95e70a2062ed5e1066d03.pdfShahid Chamran University of AhvazIrrigation Sciences and Engineering2588-595242420191222Effect of Water Head and Irrigation Interval on Cumulative and Lateral Infiltration in Furrow IrrigationEffect of Water Head and Irrigation Interval on Cumulative and Lateral Infiltration in Furrow Irrigation15271439010.22055/jise.2017.20123.1440FABabakDialameh1- MSc, Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.HamedEbrahimianAssociate professor in Irrigation & Drainage Eng.
Dept. of Irrigation & Reclamation Eng.
University of Tehran0000-0002-7338-4872MasoudParsinejad2- Associate Professor, Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.AliMokhtariMSc, Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.Journal Article20161204Infiltration is considered as one of the most important soil parameters in the design and evaluation of furrow irrigation systems. Water is infiltrated through the wetted perimeter when it reaches a given point in the furrow until it recedes. The depth of infiltrated water at a given point, therefore, is a function of opportunity time, wetted perimeter, and soil intake characteristics (Oyonarte et al., 2002). Thus, in-depth knowledge of how the initial (e.g. initial water content) and boundary conditions (such as water head and wetted perimeter) of a furrow can act on the infiltration process is essential. Previous studies show that cumulative infiltration in furrow irrigation is highly affected by the water head and initial water content. In furrow irrigation, water infiltration into the soil is two-dimensional, both vertically and laterally (Bautista et al. 2014). Gravity forces are dominant in vertical infiltration, while suction forces dominate horizontal/lateral infiltration. Suction forces largely depend on soil matric potential, which is a function of the soil texture and structure, and play an important role in soil moisture retention, sorptivity, essential for plant growth, and lateral infiltration. Knowledge of lateral infiltration and edge effect is essential for designing furrow irrigation systems because many researchers have found that more than 60% of total infiltrated water is through the side walls of furrows. <br />Several studies have been carried out to determine how initial and boundary conditions may affect the cumulative and lateral infiltration in furrow irrigation, but the combined effect of water head and initial water content on infiltration process is not investigated yet. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate the combined effect of various initial (i.e., irrigation interval or initial water content) and boundary (i.e., water level or the wetted perimeter) conditions on the cumulative and lateral infiltration.Infiltration is considered as one of the most important soil parameters in the design and evaluation of furrow irrigation systems. Water is infiltrated through the wetted perimeter when it reaches a given point in the furrow until it recedes. The depth of infiltrated water at a given point, therefore, is a function of opportunity time, wetted perimeter, and soil intake characteristics (Oyonarte et al., 2002). Thus, in-depth knowledge of how the initial (e.g. initial water content) and boundary conditions (such as water head and wetted perimeter) of a furrow can act on the infiltration process is essential. Previous studies show that cumulative infiltration in furrow irrigation is highly affected by the water head and initial water content. In furrow irrigation, water infiltration into the soil is two-dimensional, both vertically and laterally (Bautista et al. 2014). Gravity forces are dominant in vertical infiltration, while suction forces dominate horizontal/lateral infiltration. Suction forces largely depend on soil matric potential, which is a function of the soil texture and structure, and play an important role in soil moisture retention, sorptivity, essential for plant growth, and lateral infiltration. Knowledge of lateral infiltration and edge effect is essential for designing furrow irrigation systems because many researchers have found that more than 60% of total infiltrated water is through the side walls of furrows. <br />Several studies have been carried out to determine how initial and boundary conditions may affect the cumulative and lateral infiltration in furrow irrigation, but the combined effect of water head and initial water content on infiltration process is not investigated yet. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate the combined effect of various initial (i.e., irrigation interval or initial water content) and boundary (i.e., water level or the wetted perimeter) conditions on the cumulative and lateral infiltration.https://jise.scu.ac.ir/article_14390_70ba61abdbf32e24a48e9f751101fec4.pdfShahid Chamran University of AhvazIrrigation Sciences and Engineering2588-595242420191222Investigating the Performance of Data-based Methods in Estimating Important Moisture Points in Shahrood AreaInvestigating the Performance of Data-based Methods in Estimating Important Moisture Points in Shahrood Area29441434110.22055/jise.2017.22685.1617FAOmidNorouzi EngnaeeMSc of Irrigation Drainage, Zabol University, IranMohammad JavadKhalafiMSc of Watershed Management, Zabol University, Iran.MahboobehKarimi SoorvandMSc of Soil Engineering, Shahrood University, Iran.Journal Article20170704Awareness of the important moisture points is crucial for irrigation studies on the farm, but measuring this information in a direct way is very costly and time consuming. Therefore, several models and relationships have been developed as Pedotransfer functions which indirectly predict the hydrological properties of the soil using readily available soil data with the aid of a series of proper mathematical relationships (Nguyen et al., 2015). Since the measurement of important moisture points is a time consuming, costly and difficult work, many attempts have been made in order to use simpler soil properties such as texture, the amount of organic matter, and bulk density. Pedotransfer functions are indeed predictive functions which establish relationship between the soil’s readily available and latency data (e.g., the percentage of sand, silt and clay, bulk density and organic matter) including the parameters of the moisture curve (field capacity and permanent wilting point) (Botulla et al., 2013). Moreover, the functions that can be successfully implemented in an area may not have suitable adaptations in another area with real values. There are several methods for obtaining Pedotransfer functions, among them are linear regression (LR), artificial neural networks, fuzzy adaptive-neural inference, and support regression vector. <br /> Various researchers have studied the development of Pedotransfer functions and evaluated the predictive models in the water and soil sciences. As a sample, Shop and Lajj (1998) estimated the soil moisture curve using the neural network. They found that the artificial neural network was better than some of the regression Pedotransfer functions provided by other researchers, and if more readily available properties were used as inputs, the prediction accuracy increased. However, there was always a significant difference between the predicted and measured moisture values. Zhang et al. (2007) estimated the soil moisture curve for 110 non-calcareous soil samples with different tissue classes through the artificial neural networks and regression models. They showed that the neural network predicts the moisture curve better than the regression method with higher correlation coefficient in most tissue classes. Lin et al. (2009) argued that the SVM method was much faster trained than the artificial neural network. SVM was also found to have a more accurate prediction than the artificial neural network. Chen et al. (2010) used support vector machines to model daily rainfall and compared the results with that of the multivariate analysis method. It was found that the results of predictions from SVM were more accurate. In turn, Kaihua et al. (2014) used support vector machines to predict cationic capacity on different horizons of the soil in Qingdao, China. They performed their studies at 208 points on two horizons of the soil, and concluded that the SVM model improved predictions. <br />Considering the significance of knowing the important points of soil moisture in Shahrood area for agricultural projects and irrigation schedules, developing appropriate Pedotransfer functions and evaluating models is necessary so as to obtain moisture of the field capacity and permanent wilting point. This research, thus, evaluates the performance of three models of support vector regression, artificial neural networks, and linear regression in the development of soil Pedotransfer functions and the effect of number and type of input variables on the performance of the models.Awareness of the important moisture points is crucial for irrigation studies on the farm, but measuring this information in a direct way is very costly and time consuming. Therefore, several models and relationships have been developed as Pedotransfer functions which indirectly predict the hydrological properties of the soil using readily available soil data with the aid of a series of proper mathematical relationships (Nguyen et al., 2015). Since the measurement of important moisture points is a time consuming, costly and difficult work, many attempts have been made in order to use simpler soil properties such as texture, the amount of organic matter, and bulk density. Pedotransfer functions are indeed predictive functions which establish relationship between the soil’s readily available and latency data (e.g., the percentage of sand, silt and clay, bulk density and organic matter) including the parameters of the moisture curve (field capacity and permanent wilting point) (Botulla et al., 2013). Moreover, the functions that can be successfully implemented in an area may not have suitable adaptations in another area with real values. There are several methods for obtaining Pedotransfer functions, among them are linear regression (LR), artificial neural networks, fuzzy adaptive-neural inference, and support regression vector. <br /> Various researchers have studied the development of Pedotransfer functions and evaluated the predictive models in the water and soil sciences. As a sample, Shop and Lajj (1998) estimated the soil moisture curve using the neural network. They found that the artificial neural network was better than some of the regression Pedotransfer functions provided by other researchers, and if more readily available properties were used as inputs, the prediction accuracy increased. However, there was always a significant difference between the predicted and measured moisture values. Zhang et al. (2007) estimated the soil moisture curve for 110 non-calcareous soil samples with different tissue classes through the artificial neural networks and regression models. They showed that the neural network predicts the moisture curve better than the regression method with higher correlation coefficient in most tissue classes. Lin et al. (2009) argued that the SVM method was much faster trained than the artificial neural network. SVM was also found to have a more accurate prediction than the artificial neural network. Chen et al. (2010) used support vector machines to model daily rainfall and compared the results with that of the multivariate analysis method. It was found that the results of predictions from SVM were more accurate. In turn, Kaihua et al. (2014) used support vector machines to predict cationic capacity on different horizons of the soil in Qingdao, China. They performed their studies at 208 points on two horizons of the soil, and concluded that the SVM model improved predictions. <br />Considering the significance of knowing the important points of soil moisture in Shahrood area for agricultural projects and irrigation schedules, developing appropriate Pedotransfer functions and evaluating models is necessary so as to obtain moisture of the field capacity and permanent wilting point. This research, thus, evaluates the performance of three models of support vector regression, artificial neural networks, and linear regression in the development of soil Pedotransfer functions and the effect of number and type of input variables on the performance of the models.https://jise.scu.ac.ir/article_14341_eacab29e3fde1daf20d005de18ffc784.pdfShahid Chamran University of AhvazIrrigation Sciences and Engineering2588-595242420191222Regionalization of the Eastern Part of Urmia Lake Basin Based on the Rainfed Yield and Precipitation Using the Ward, K-Means and PCA MethodsRegionalization of the Eastern Part of Urmia Lake Basin Based on the Rainfed Yield and Precipitation Using the Ward, K-Means and PCA Methods45591440110.22055/jise.2017.19506.1396FAParvaMohammadiMSc, Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz UniversityAhmadFakherifardProfessor, Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University.YaghobDinpazhohAssociate Professor, Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University.EsmaeilAsadiAssistant Professor, Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University.Journal Article20161003Rainfall is among the most important climatic factors affecting the rainfed cultivation. Thus, in order to maintain water consumption in current agriculture, with the view of water resources management, the country needs to convert some irrigated land areas to rainfed cultivation in the near future. Indeed, it is necessary to conduct an analytical study on rainfed agriculture and identify appropriate areas for rainfed agriculture in the country, especially in Urmia Lake basin. Principal component analysis (PCA), K-Means and Ward have been already used to assess climate regionalization in different regions such as Spain (Diaz and Rodrigo, 2004), Greece (Kitsara et al, 2005), central-northeastern region of Mexico (Pineda-Martinez et al, 2007), Luanhe basin (Hassan and Ping, 2012) and Iberian Peninsula (Parracho et al, 2015). This study was, thus, intended to study the regionalization of the eastern part of Urmia Lake basin on the basis of the precipitation and yield of rainfed wheat using PCA, K-Means and Ward methods. To that end, the maps were drawn in the GIS environment and three methods of clustering were compared. Finally, using the clustering of precipitation and rainfed yield, wheat cultivability was investigated in the eastern part of Urmia Lake. To that end, the daily rainfall dataset of 26 rain gauge stations were used and the yield of rainfed wheat was considered during the period. Then, PCA, K-Means and Ward clustering were performed and the results were compiled. The homogenousity of the resulting clusters were analyzed by H and S statistical tests and homogeneous clusters were drawn in the GIS environment. The analytical factor coefficients to the main components, through K-Means clustering method, showed that the clusters point of view, precipitation and rainfed yield were more consistent and the results were close to each other.Rainfall is among the most important climatic factors affecting the rainfed cultivation. Thus, in order to maintain water consumption in current agriculture, with the view of water resources management, the country needs to convert some irrigated land areas to rainfed cultivation in the near future. Indeed, it is necessary to conduct an analytical study on rainfed agriculture and identify appropriate areas for rainfed agriculture in the country, especially in Urmia Lake basin. Principal component analysis (PCA), K-Means and Ward have been already used to assess climate regionalization in different regions such as Spain (Diaz and Rodrigo, 2004), Greece (Kitsara et al, 2005), central-northeastern region of Mexico (Pineda-Martinez et al, 2007), Luanhe basin (Hassan and Ping, 2012) and Iberian Peninsula (Parracho et al, 2015). This study was, thus, intended to study the regionalization of the eastern part of Urmia Lake basin on the basis of the precipitation and yield of rainfed wheat using PCA, K-Means and Ward methods. To that end, the maps were drawn in the GIS environment and three methods of clustering were compared. Finally, using the clustering of precipitation and rainfed yield, wheat cultivability was investigated in the eastern part of Urmia Lake. To that end, the daily rainfall dataset of 26 rain gauge stations were used and the yield of rainfed wheat was considered during the period. Then, PCA, K-Means and Ward clustering were performed and the results were compiled. The homogenousity of the resulting clusters were analyzed by H and S statistical tests and homogeneous clusters were drawn in the GIS environment. The analytical factor coefficients to the main components, through K-Means clustering method, showed that the clusters point of view, precipitation and rainfed yield were more consistent and the results were close to each other.https://jise.scu.ac.ir/article_14401_bc8d96b3ce041bd68665377a720e1992.pdfShahid Chamran University of AhvazIrrigation Sciences and Engineering2588-595242420191222The Influence of Supplemental Irrigation on Soil Water, Fig Yield and Fig Growers’ Income under Drought Conditions in Rainfed Fig OrchardsThe Influence of Supplemental Irrigation on Soil Water, Fig Yield and Fig Growers’ Income under Drought Conditions in Rainfed Fig Orchards61741432710.22055/jise.2018.23455.1672FAMohammadAbdolahipourPh.D. Student of Water Engineering Department, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranAli AkbarKamgar-HaghighiProfessor, Water Engineering Department, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranAli RezaSepaskhahProfessor, Water Engineering Department, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran0000-0002-3802-5292ShahrokhZandparsaProfessor, Water Engineering Department, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranToorajHonarAssociate Professor, Water Engineering Department, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranJournal Article20171011<strong>Introduction </strong> <br />Iran is the fourth world producer of figs with an average of 75,833 tons from 1993 to 2013 (FAO, 2016). Estahban area provides about 90% of dried fig in Iran (Jafari, Abdolahipour-Haghighi and Zare, 2012). The rainfed fig orchards in this area have been extremely affected by severe drought in recent years, leading to 10% to 80% reduction in fig trees and fruit in 2010, respectively (Jafari, Abdolahipour-Haghighi and Zare, 2012). For this reason, the tendency to apply supplemental irrigation in Estahban fig orchards has increased in previous years. However, the lack of information about the amount, timing, and application position of supplemental irrigation to achieve efficient use of water in this area makes it difficult to deal with this issue in the study area. The main objective of this study was, thus, to investigate the effect of different amounts and times of supplemental irrigation at different distances from tree trunk on soil water variation, quantity of fruits, and fig growers’ income under drought conditions.<strong>Introduction </strong> <br />Iran is the fourth world producer of figs with an average of 75,833 tons from 1993 to 2013 (FAO, 2016). Estahban area provides about 90% of dried fig in Iran (Jafari, Abdolahipour-Haghighi and Zare, 2012). The rainfed fig orchards in this area have been extremely affected by severe drought in recent years, leading to 10% to 80% reduction in fig trees and fruit in 2010, respectively (Jafari, Abdolahipour-Haghighi and Zare, 2012). For this reason, the tendency to apply supplemental irrigation in Estahban fig orchards has increased in previous years. However, the lack of information about the amount, timing, and application position of supplemental irrigation to achieve efficient use of water in this area makes it difficult to deal with this issue in the study area. The main objective of this study was, thus, to investigate the effect of different amounts and times of supplemental irrigation at different distances from tree trunk on soil water variation, quantity of fruits, and fig growers’ income under drought conditions.https://jise.scu.ac.ir/article_14327_79f564569086f092f36254bd8c0cec22.pdfShahid Chamran University of AhvazIrrigation Sciences and Engineering2588-595242420191222Mean Flow Structure and Local Scour around Single and Two-Column Bridge PiersMean Flow Structure and Local Scour around Single and Two-Column Bridge Piers75901433810.22055/jise.2018.22861.1631FAAlirezaKeshavarzirofessor, Water Engineering Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranHosseinHamidifarAssistant professor, Water Engineering Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.LeilaKhajehnooriMSc of Hydraulic Structures, Water Engineering Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.Journal Article20171022Bridges constructed across rivers are among the most important structures, especially during and after flood events. Bridge piers are exposed to some hazardous factors such as local and contraction scour hydrodynamics. The lower prediction of maximum scour depth can cause bridge failure, while over-prediction leads to a very costly project. The appropriate estimation of maximum scour depth around bridge piers is, thus, necessary. In some bridges, more than a single pier is considered during the design phase, and the interaction between the adjacent piers makes the situation very different. The flow structure and scour process around a group of bridge piers are, indeed, very different from a single bridge pier. Many researchers have studied the scour around single and/or multiple-column bridge piers. For instance, studying the scour depth for a group of piers, Mahjub et al. (2014) reported that the maximum scour depth around the second bridge pier was less than that of the upstream pier, while the scour depth around the third pier was lower than that of the first and second piers. Moreover, Daneshfaraz et al. (2014) investigated the effect of pier slots on the maximum scour depth around the two-column bridge piers. The results that the slot reduced the maximum scour depth compared to the piers without a slot. In this paper, the flow and bed topography around a group of piers was studied experimentally.Bridges constructed across rivers are among the most important structures, especially during and after flood events. Bridge piers are exposed to some hazardous factors such as local and contraction scour hydrodynamics. The lower prediction of maximum scour depth can cause bridge failure, while over-prediction leads to a very costly project. The appropriate estimation of maximum scour depth around bridge piers is, thus, necessary. In some bridges, more than a single pier is considered during the design phase, and the interaction between the adjacent piers makes the situation very different. The flow structure and scour process around a group of bridge piers are, indeed, very different from a single bridge pier. Many researchers have studied the scour around single and/or multiple-column bridge piers. For instance, studying the scour depth for a group of piers, Mahjub et al. (2014) reported that the maximum scour depth around the second bridge pier was less than that of the upstream pier, while the scour depth around the third pier was lower than that of the first and second piers. Moreover, Daneshfaraz et al. (2014) investigated the effect of pier slots on the maximum scour depth around the two-column bridge piers. The results that the slot reduced the maximum scour depth compared to the piers without a slot. In this paper, the flow and bed topography around a group of piers was studied experimentally.https://jise.scu.ac.ir/article_14338_43fa0c9dfb0a36ded15fac153c0afc50.pdfShahid Chamran University of AhvazIrrigation Sciences and Engineering2588-595242420191222Irrigation Scheduling to Increase Water Productivity Using AquaCrop ModelIrrigation Scheduling to Increase Water Productivity Using AquaCrop Model911051433210.22055/jise.2018.23252.1650FAMohiaddinGooshehDepartment of Soil Science, Khuzestan Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Soil Science, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.0000-0001-7575-4278EbrahimPaziraDepartment of Soil Science, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran .AliGholamiDepartment of Soil Science, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, IranBahramAndarzianSeed and Plant Improvement Department, Research and Education Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Khuzestan, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Ahvaz, Iran.EbrahimPanahpourDepartment of Soil Science, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.Journal Article20171008Introduction <br />Khuzestan plain as one of the fertile regions in Iran is suffering from some problems such as soil salinity and water deficit. The most important irrigated crop in Khuzestan is wheat and its average yield in the southern parts of Khuzestan reaches 2 to 3 t ha<sup>-1,</sup>. Irrigation management and optimal conditions, however, should be provided to reduce both water and salinity stresses in the crop yield in the region. To introduce the best irrigation schedule for wheat in the study area, we applied the AquaCrop model to simulate the irrigation scheduling for the crop. The aims were to (1) calibrate and validate the model, (2) determine the appropriate irrigation scheduling for wheat to improve water productivity and increase grain yield, and (3) also evaluate the performance of the model. <br /> <br />Methodology <br /> To achieve the aims of the research, the Elhai region was selected in almost the provincial center with the coordinates of 31° 38' N and 48° 37' E. The AquaCrop model was, then, used for simulating grain yield and water productivity. This model required daily climate data, phonological and agronomic data, soil characteristics, irrigation water, and groundwater data to be able to simulate the plant and soil parameters. A field experiment was conducted in the Elhai area for collecting the data as was mentioned above (as model inputs) during the wheat growth season (2014-2015). Two farms with different soil characteristics were selected for this purpose. However, in order to calibrate and validate the model, more data was needed. Therefore, two other field experiments were carried out in the site of Veys. Consequently, one farm was used for calibration and three farms were, in turn, used for the validation of the model. Sampling from soil profile (1.2 m) was carried out in the growing season. Water and ground water samples were, then, taken in each irrigation event. In order to be able to assess the irrigation scheduling scenarios accurately, it was necessary to consider a wide range of events, times and amounts of water in simulating scenarios. In this case, ten scenarios were run for simulating the grain yield and water productivity for a 12-year period (2003-2014) in farm 1 of Elhai (Table 1).Introduction <br />Khuzestan plain as one of the fertile regions in Iran is suffering from some problems such as soil salinity and water deficit. The most important irrigated crop in Khuzestan is wheat and its average yield in the southern parts of Khuzestan reaches 2 to 3 t ha<sup>-1,</sup>. Irrigation management and optimal conditions, however, should be provided to reduce both water and salinity stresses in the crop yield in the region. To introduce the best irrigation schedule for wheat in the study area, we applied the AquaCrop model to simulate the irrigation scheduling for the crop. The aims were to (1) calibrate and validate the model, (2) determine the appropriate irrigation scheduling for wheat to improve water productivity and increase grain yield, and (3) also evaluate the performance of the model. <br /> <br />Methodology <br /> To achieve the aims of the research, the Elhai region was selected in almost the provincial center with the coordinates of 31° 38' N and 48° 37' E. The AquaCrop model was, then, used for simulating grain yield and water productivity. This model required daily climate data, phonological and agronomic data, soil characteristics, irrigation water, and groundwater data to be able to simulate the plant and soil parameters. A field experiment was conducted in the Elhai area for collecting the data as was mentioned above (as model inputs) during the wheat growth season (2014-2015). Two farms with different soil characteristics were selected for this purpose. However, in order to calibrate and validate the model, more data was needed. Therefore, two other field experiments were carried out in the site of Veys. Consequently, one farm was used for calibration and three farms were, in turn, used for the validation of the model. Sampling from soil profile (1.2 m) was carried out in the growing season. Water and ground water samples were, then, taken in each irrigation event. In order to be able to assess the irrigation scheduling scenarios accurately, it was necessary to consider a wide range of events, times and amounts of water in simulating scenarios. In this case, ten scenarios were run for simulating the grain yield and water productivity for a 12-year period (2003-2014) in farm 1 of Elhai (Table 1).https://jise.scu.ac.ir/article_14332_7b9707f68ce675f792605727eb3601c3.pdfShahid Chamran University of AhvazIrrigation Sciences and Engineering2588-595242420191222Effects of Water and N Fertilizer on the Yield and Fruit Quality of Tomatoes under Drip (Tape) Irrigation SystemEffects of Water and N Fertilizer on the Yield and Fruit Quality of Tomatoes under Drip (Tape) Irrigation System1071191438310.22055/jise.2018.21542.1548FASeyed HassanMousavi FazlAgricultural Engineering Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Semnan Province (Shahrood), AREEO, Shahrood, Iran.SeyeedZiaolhaghAgricultural Engineering Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Semnan Province (Shahrood), AREEO, Shahrood, Iran.Ali RezaMohammadiSeed and Plant Improvement Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Semnan Province (Shahrood), AREEO, Shahrood, Iran.FaramazFaezniaSoil and Water Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Semnan Province (Shahrood), AREEO, Shahrood, Iran.Journal Article20170315Being vulnerable to food shortage, tomatoes are dependent on nitrogen fertilizer for their growth and crop yields (Zomorrodi, 2006). In effect, there is a close relationship between the amount of nitrogen fertilizer consumed and the accumulation of nitrate, which poses a threat to consumer health (Mousavi Fazl, 2005). The accumulation of nitrate in tomatoes has a considerable negative effect on its quality and increase the amount of toxic substances in tomatoes (Malakuti et al., 2005). The results of many studies show that the appropriate combination of nitrogen fertilizer treatments and the irrigation regime in such a way that the plant encounters a certain level of water stress during a particular period or throughout the growing season may lead to the maximum efficiency of water usage in the plant (Bagheri et al., 2016). Zomorrodi (2006) examined the effect of deficit irrigation on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of tomatoes. The results showed that the effects of irrigation water on vitamin C, acidity and soluble solids were significant. Khorramian (2015) also studied different levels of drip irrigation with the supply of 40, 70 and 100% water requirement on the yield and water use efficiency in tomatos. The findings of this study showed that maximum yield was obtained from drip irrigation with 100% water level, while 40% water level treatment had the highest water use efficiency.Being vulnerable to food shortage, tomatoes are dependent on nitrogen fertilizer for their growth and crop yields (Zomorrodi, 2006). In effect, there is a close relationship between the amount of nitrogen fertilizer consumed and the accumulation of nitrate, which poses a threat to consumer health (Mousavi Fazl, 2005). The accumulation of nitrate in tomatoes has a considerable negative effect on its quality and increase the amount of toxic substances in tomatoes (Malakuti et al., 2005). The results of many studies show that the appropriate combination of nitrogen fertilizer treatments and the irrigation regime in such a way that the plant encounters a certain level of water stress during a particular period or throughout the growing season may lead to the maximum efficiency of water usage in the plant (Bagheri et al., 2016). Zomorrodi (2006) examined the effect of deficit irrigation on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of tomatoes. The results showed that the effects of irrigation water on vitamin C, acidity and soluble solids were significant. Khorramian (2015) also studied different levels of drip irrigation with the supply of 40, 70 and 100% water requirement on the yield and water use efficiency in tomatos. The findings of this study showed that maximum yield was obtained from drip irrigation with 100% water level, while 40% water level treatment had the highest water use efficiency.https://jise.scu.ac.ir/article_14383_a05d284c2f59faaa654ea8ce3ccb4181.pdfShahid Chamran University of AhvazIrrigation Sciences and Engineering2588-595242420191222Effect of conjunctive irrigation on soil salinity and herbal elements of sorghum and simulation of output salt uesing SWAP modelEffect of conjunctive irrigation on soil salinity and herbal elements of sorghum and simulation of output salt uesing SWAP model1211351438010.22055/jise.2018.21374.1545FAMarziehYazdekhastiMSc, Department of Water Engineering, Agricultural Faculty, Isfahan University of TechnologyMohammadShayannejadAssociate Professor Department of Water Engineering, Agricultural Faculty, Isfahan University of Technology.Hamid RezaEshghizadehAssistant Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology.MohammadFeiziAssistant Professor, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center.Journal Article20170317Reduction of water resources in arid and semi-arid areas requires the application of management methods to achieve optimal performance. With the logical application of saline water as a source of irrigation water, we can supply a part of the crop water requirement (Hamdy, A., Abdel-Dayem, S. and Abu-Zeid, M., 1993), using various applicable management techniques. The optimal management is, in turn, considered as the use of conjunctive irrigation. Two commonly used solutions include mixing salty and fresh water to obtain water with the optimal salinity; and also the periodic application of fresh and salty water (Amer, 2010; Aslam, & Prathapar, 2006). In effect, salt mainly enters the surface layers of the soil through irrigation and the solute moves vertically from the unsaturated to the saturated zone and towards the groundwater. In turn, the SWAP model is often used to simulate the solute transfer in soil. However, field measurement of the solute concentration changes is very difficult in soil profiles. A simulation model can, thus, be used to estimate the accumulation of solutes in the soil profiles. (Van Dam, Huygen, & Wesseling, 1997)Reduction of water resources in arid and semi-arid areas requires the application of management methods to achieve optimal performance. With the logical application of saline water as a source of irrigation water, we can supply a part of the crop water requirement (Hamdy, A., Abdel-Dayem, S. and Abu-Zeid, M., 1993), using various applicable management techniques. The optimal management is, in turn, considered as the use of conjunctive irrigation. Two commonly used solutions include mixing salty and fresh water to obtain water with the optimal salinity; and also the periodic application of fresh and salty water (Amer, 2010; Aslam, & Prathapar, 2006). In effect, salt mainly enters the surface layers of the soil through irrigation and the solute moves vertically from the unsaturated to the saturated zone and towards the groundwater. In turn, the SWAP model is often used to simulate the solute transfer in soil. However, field measurement of the solute concentration changes is very difficult in soil profiles. A simulation model can, thus, be used to estimate the accumulation of solutes in the soil profiles. (Van Dam, Huygen, & Wesseling, 1997)https://jise.scu.ac.ir/article_14380_3ca803a72af9abea8b00bb25aa807868.pdfShahid Chamran University of AhvazIrrigation Sciences and Engineering2588-595242420191222The Laboratory Study of the Interflow Density Current Head Velocity in a Fluid with Saline StratificationThe Laboratory Study of the Interflow Density Current Head Velocity in a Fluid with Saline Stratification1371521530410.22055/jise.2020.19779.1413FAKimiyaKamaeiM.Sc. Graduated Student, Department of HydraulicStructures, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz.MehdiGhomeshiProfessor, Faculty of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran0000-0002-8361-1645Journal Article20161017<strong>Introduction</strong> <br />One of the most important problems arising after the construction of a dam is sedimentation in the dam’s reservoir. In turn, one of the phenomenon that may affect the sedimentation is density currents. A density current is, indeed, the movement of a fluid through another one that has a different density. If there was saline stratification in the vertically downward direction in the reservoir of the static fluid, density current occurs as interflow. Kao (1977) derived the flow diffusion velocity along a common surface between two homogeneous fluids based on Bernoulli's theory. Likewsie, Ungarish (2012) and Sahuri et al. (2015) conducted studies on the interflow density current. <br /> <br /><strong>Methodology</strong> <br />The experiments were conducted in a flume of 8 meters long, 34 centimeters wide and 70 centimeters high. To that end, a solution of water and salt was used to form the ambient fluid with saline stratification and a mixture of water and sediment particles as the dense fluid. 48 experiments were, then, carried out with 4 discharges (1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 l/s), 3 slopes (2.5, 3.25, and 4 percent) and 4 concentrations (5, 10, 15, and 20 g/l). The motion of the interflow density current in a layered fluid is like that the flow entering the reservoir first expands as an underflow current and after moving a distance, it enters through saline layers of the fluid with saline stratified layers. The current, then, separates itself from the bed at a location in the reservoir where the density of the dense flow equals to that of the layered one. This way, the current finds the suitable density in its environment and moves in a horizontal layer (Fig.1).<strong>Introduction</strong> <br />One of the most important problems arising after the construction of a dam is sedimentation in the dam’s reservoir. In turn, one of the phenomenon that may affect the sedimentation is density currents. A density current is, indeed, the movement of a fluid through another one that has a different density. If there was saline stratification in the vertically downward direction in the reservoir of the static fluid, density current occurs as interflow. Kao (1977) derived the flow diffusion velocity along a common surface between two homogeneous fluids based on Bernoulli's theory. Likewsie, Ungarish (2012) and Sahuri et al. (2015) conducted studies on the interflow density current. <br /> <br /><strong>Methodology</strong> <br />The experiments were conducted in a flume of 8 meters long, 34 centimeters wide and 70 centimeters high. To that end, a solution of water and salt was used to form the ambient fluid with saline stratification and a mixture of water and sediment particles as the dense fluid. 48 experiments were, then, carried out with 4 discharges (1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 l/s), 3 slopes (2.5, 3.25, and 4 percent) and 4 concentrations (5, 10, 15, and 20 g/l). The motion of the interflow density current in a layered fluid is like that the flow entering the reservoir first expands as an underflow current and after moving a distance, it enters through saline layers of the fluid with saline stratified layers. The current, then, separates itself from the bed at a location in the reservoir where the density of the dense flow equals to that of the layered one. This way, the current finds the suitable density in its environment and moves in a horizontal layer (Fig.1).https://jise.scu.ac.ir/article_15304_3cd63aa4a48290e20d10c54a5e3253c9.pdfShahid Chamran University of AhvazIrrigation Sciences and Engineering2588-595242420191222Evaluation and Optimization of Rain Gauge Network Based on the Geostatistic Methods and Firefly Algorithm. (Case study: Eastern Basin of Urmia Lake)Evaluation and Optimization of Rain Gauge Network Based on the Geostatistic Methods and Firefly Algorithm. (Case study: Eastern Basin of Urmia Lake)1531661438710.22055/jise.2018.20549.1477FAElmiraValipourMSc, Department of Water Engineering, Tabriz UniversityMohammad AliGhorbaniProfessor, Department of Water Engineering, Tabriz University.EsmaealAsadiAssistant Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Tabriz University.Journal Article20180123Rainfall is the main motivator in the hydrologic cycle of the basin and it is an element of meteorological phenomena undergoing severe changes in time and place. The suitability of density and distribution of rain gauges in the rain gauge networks of each area is an effective step in the success of the water plans, regional projecting and effective use of the information (Karamouz et al., 2010). Many researchers have shown that the geostatistical prediction method provides better estimates of the regional rainfall than the traditional methods. Tanaka and Putthividhya (2013) used the geostatistical method to assess the quality of the rainfall estimation in the Basin of Chao Phraya. They tried to calculate the difference between the rainfall data and the results obtained from the above methods by plotting Thiessen Network and the co-ordinate lines by nverse Distance Weighting and Ordinary Kriging methods. They also examined the correlation between the height, humidity and temperature with the recorded rainfall values. The findings showed that height had a significant correlation with Monsoon rainfall, while humidity and temperature correlated with the monthly rainfalls. Yang and He (2013), using the super innovative firefly algorithm concluded that this algorithm is more suitable than the optimal search strategy. Considering the problems of Urmia Lake located in the northwest of Iran, comprehensive studies with an inclusive approach to the problems in this basin are considered necessary. Indeed, it is necessary to concentrate more on the process used in the design of the rain gauge networks and begin to redesign the existing networks in order to refine and complete them.Rainfall is the main motivator in the hydrologic cycle of the basin and it is an element of meteorological phenomena undergoing severe changes in time and place. The suitability of density and distribution of rain gauges in the rain gauge networks of each area is an effective step in the success of the water plans, regional projecting and effective use of the information (Karamouz et al., 2010). Many researchers have shown that the geostatistical prediction method provides better estimates of the regional rainfall than the traditional methods. Tanaka and Putthividhya (2013) used the geostatistical method to assess the quality of the rainfall estimation in the Basin of Chao Phraya. They tried to calculate the difference between the rainfall data and the results obtained from the above methods by plotting Thiessen Network and the co-ordinate lines by nverse Distance Weighting and Ordinary Kriging methods. They also examined the correlation between the height, humidity and temperature with the recorded rainfall values. The findings showed that height had a significant correlation with Monsoon rainfall, while humidity and temperature correlated with the monthly rainfalls. Yang and He (2013), using the super innovative firefly algorithm concluded that this algorithm is more suitable than the optimal search strategy. Considering the problems of Urmia Lake located in the northwest of Iran, comprehensive studies with an inclusive approach to the problems in this basin are considered necessary. Indeed, it is necessary to concentrate more on the process used in the design of the rain gauge networks and begin to redesign the existing networks in order to refine and complete them.https://jise.scu.ac.ir/article_14387_b7515432ea76c7549e89f59678a28a82.pdfShahid Chamran University of AhvazIrrigation Sciences and Engineering2588-595242420191222Comparison of Linear and Triangular Arrangements of Submerged Sacrificial Piles on Local Scour Depth around Cylindrical Bridge PiersComparison of Linear and Triangular Arrangements of Submerged Sacrificial Piles on Local Scour Depth around Cylindrical Bridge Piers1671801440810.22055/jise.2018.18874.1363FASeyed Mohammad AliZomorodianAssociate Professor of Water Engineering, Shiraz University, Iran.HamidehGhafariMSc of Student Hydraulic Structure, Water Engineering Department, Shiraz University, Iran.ZahraGhasemiMSc Student of Hydraulic Structure, Water Engineering Department, Shiraz University, Iran.Journal Article20160808The control of local scour around the piers and bridge abutments has been recognized as an issue of considerable importance due to the structural damage of bridges. Many methods have been already proposed by several researchers to tackle this problem, including methods that change the pattern of flow around the piers, such as sacrificial piles (Melville and Hadfield, 1999; Chabert and Engeldinger, 1956), Submerged vanes (Lauchlan, 1999; Grimaldi et al., 2009a), Slot (Chiew, 1992; Grimaldi et al., 2009b), and collars (Zarrati et al., 2006; Alabi, 2006). In addition to the above methods, other methods have been developed to protect the bed against the scour, including the use of riprap around the pier (Parola, 1993; Graziano et al., 1990), sandy bags, gabions, and geotextiles. The sacrificial piles are, indeed, the piers with smaller diameters than the bridge piers, which divert the flow from the bridge pier leading to the reduction of the scour potential. The efficiency of the sacrificial piles in controlling the scour depends on the number and diameter of the piles, the degree of submergence, the arrangement, their relative placement against the piers, the distance between the piles, the distance between the piles and the piers as well as their angles to the flow (Melville and Hadfield, 1999). According to these methods, many studies have been carried out on the effect of the sacrificial piles in reducing the bridge piers scour. However, the use of submerged piles with different degrees of submergence has been less considered. Since the length of sacrificial piles has an effect on the degree of submergence, the length of the sacrificial piles is effective in scouring, as well. In effect, the present study focuses on the scouring around bridge piers by using 2 different arrangements with and without using the sacrificial pile groups at the upstream of the pier.The control of local scour around the piers and bridge abutments has been recognized as an issue of considerable importance due to the structural damage of bridges. Many methods have been already proposed by several researchers to tackle this problem, including methods that change the pattern of flow around the piers, such as sacrificial piles (Melville and Hadfield, 1999; Chabert and Engeldinger, 1956), Submerged vanes (Lauchlan, 1999; Grimaldi et al., 2009a), Slot (Chiew, 1992; Grimaldi et al., 2009b), and collars (Zarrati et al., 2006; Alabi, 2006). In addition to the above methods, other methods have been developed to protect the bed against the scour, including the use of riprap around the pier (Parola, 1993; Graziano et al., 1990), sandy bags, gabions, and geotextiles. The sacrificial piles are, indeed, the piers with smaller diameters than the bridge piers, which divert the flow from the bridge pier leading to the reduction of the scour potential. The efficiency of the sacrificial piles in controlling the scour depends on the number and diameter of the piles, the degree of submergence, the arrangement, their relative placement against the piers, the distance between the piles, the distance between the piles and the piers as well as their angles to the flow (Melville and Hadfield, 1999). According to these methods, many studies have been carried out on the effect of the sacrificial piles in reducing the bridge piers scour. However, the use of submerged piles with different degrees of submergence has been less considered. Since the length of sacrificial piles has an effect on the degree of submergence, the length of the sacrificial piles is effective in scouring, as well. In effect, the present study focuses on the scouring around bridge piers by using 2 different arrangements with and without using the sacrificial pile groups at the upstream of the pier.https://jise.scu.ac.ir/article_14408_41b09758dd39bfcc2831a0317027211f.pdfShahid Chamran University of AhvazIrrigation Sciences and Engineering2588-595242420191222Modeling of Groundwater Salinity Using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Geographic Information System (GIS) on the Caspian Southern CoastsModeling of Groundwater Salinity Using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Geographic Information System (GIS) on the Caspian Southern Coasts1811941440510.22055/jise.2018.18828.1359FAMarhamatSebghatiPhD Student of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of UrmiaVahidSebghatiAssociate Professor, Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan.Journal Article20160801<strong>Introduction</strong> <br /> Groundwater is one of the most important water resources on earth, and water salinity studies are very important for the protection and planning of water resources, especially in arid and semiarid areas such as Iran. Groundwater currently accounts for more than 90 percent of Iran’s total drinking water consumption. This water resource is less susceptible to bacterial pollution and evaporation than surface water, and hence it is more important than surface water. <br /> <br /><strong>Materials and Methods </strong> <br /> An ANN includes three layers, namely, input layer, hidden layer and output layer. A network can have more than one hidden layer. In this study, multi-layer perceptron (MLP) was applied to simulate groundwater salinity. MLP is generated through adding one or more hidden layers to one-layer perceptron and can solve complex problems. The feed-forward neural network was the first and simplest type of artificial neural network devised. In a feed-forward network, the information moves in only one direction, forward, from the input nodes, through the hidden nodes and to the output nodes. In the first stage of simulation, all data were normalized and divided into three classes: training data (65% of all data), test data (25% of all data) and cross validation data (10 % of all data). The different transfer functions such as hyperbolic tangent and sigmoid transfer functions were evaluated. Based on the results of this study (through trial-and-error method), the hyperbolic tangent transfer function was the best transfer function. Artificial neural network (ANN) is an efficient tool in hydrologic studies. In this study, an integration of ANN and GIS (the geographic information system) was applied to simulate groundwater salinity. ANN and GIS were, indeed, used for simulation purposes and as a pre-processing and post-processing system of the applied data, respectively. Thus, GIS was applied as an efficient tool to provide the base maps and to estimate the model’s quantitative parameters. Different digital/base maps were provided in GIS environment including DEM, transmissivity of aquifer formations, water table depth, precipitation values and distance from Caspian Sea and water resources using topographic maps of the region and EC values using water salinity secondary data. Different piezometric wells were selected to simulate groundwater salinity (EC). In GIS pre-processing stage, raster layers of the input factors were provided and combined using overlay analysis with a pixel size 1×1 km. Therefore, the surface of study plain was separated to more than 10000 geo-referenced pixels (1×1km). These pixels had values of model inputs or groundwater salinity factors (transmissivity of aquifer formation, water table depth and the distance from water resource). We inserted the site coordinate for every pixel automatically in the GIS medium. Pixels data (networks inputs and coordinate) were exported from GIS and then imported to NeuroSolutions software. In ANN medium, groundwater salinity (EC) was simulated using the validated optimum network for all of the 10000 pixels (the whole study plain).<strong>Introduction</strong> <br /> Groundwater is one of the most important water resources on earth, and water salinity studies are very important for the protection and planning of water resources, especially in arid and semiarid areas such as Iran. Groundwater currently accounts for more than 90 percent of Iran’s total drinking water consumption. This water resource is less susceptible to bacterial pollution and evaporation than surface water, and hence it is more important than surface water. <br /> <br /><strong>Materials and Methods </strong> <br /> An ANN includes three layers, namely, input layer, hidden layer and output layer. A network can have more than one hidden layer. In this study, multi-layer perceptron (MLP) was applied to simulate groundwater salinity. MLP is generated through adding one or more hidden layers to one-layer perceptron and can solve complex problems. The feed-forward neural network was the first and simplest type of artificial neural network devised. In a feed-forward network, the information moves in only one direction, forward, from the input nodes, through the hidden nodes and to the output nodes. In the first stage of simulation, all data were normalized and divided into three classes: training data (65% of all data), test data (25% of all data) and cross validation data (10 % of all data). The different transfer functions such as hyperbolic tangent and sigmoid transfer functions were evaluated. Based on the results of this study (through trial-and-error method), the hyperbolic tangent transfer function was the best transfer function. Artificial neural network (ANN) is an efficient tool in hydrologic studies. In this study, an integration of ANN and GIS (the geographic information system) was applied to simulate groundwater salinity. ANN and GIS were, indeed, used for simulation purposes and as a pre-processing and post-processing system of the applied data, respectively. Thus, GIS was applied as an efficient tool to provide the base maps and to estimate the model’s quantitative parameters. Different digital/base maps were provided in GIS environment including DEM, transmissivity of aquifer formations, water table depth, precipitation values and distance from Caspian Sea and water resources using topographic maps of the region and EC values using water salinity secondary data. Different piezometric wells were selected to simulate groundwater salinity (EC). In GIS pre-processing stage, raster layers of the input factors were provided and combined using overlay analysis with a pixel size 1×1 km. Therefore, the surface of study plain was separated to more than 10000 geo-referenced pixels (1×1km). These pixels had values of model inputs or groundwater salinity factors (transmissivity of aquifer formation, water table depth and the distance from water resource). We inserted the site coordinate for every pixel automatically in the GIS medium. Pixels data (networks inputs and coordinate) were exported from GIS and then imported to NeuroSolutions software. In ANN medium, groundwater salinity (EC) was simulated using the validated optimum network for all of the 10000 pixels (the whole study plain).https://jise.scu.ac.ir/article_14405_c7f42ffefd0af9354445073c3c0f436f.pdfShahid Chamran University of AhvazIrrigation Sciences and Engineering2588-595242420191222Investigation of Water Allocation Conditions in Aharchay Basin under Climate Change ImpactsInvestigation of Water Allocation Conditions in Aharchay Basin under Climate Change Impacts1952101433310.22055/jise.2018.23237.1648FASamiraZeinadiniMSc in Engineering and Water Resources Management, Graduate University of Advanced Technology.SedighehAnvariAssistant Professor, Department of Ecology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Science, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran0000-0002-3739-2947ZahraZahmatkeshVisiting Professor at Deprtment of Water Resources Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced Technology.Journal Article20170929<strong>Introduction</strong> <br />Regarding water scarcity and climate change in Iran, it is necessary to choose an appropriate model for water resources management. To study the effects of climate change, the outputs of AOGCMs Models were used (Lane et al., 1999). Downscaled weather data using LARS-WG model were then used in the watershed simulation model to estimate the streamflow and crop water requirement so as to evaluate the effects of climate change. Hydrologic models were, indeed, needed to simulate the streamflow, and input to the watershed simulation model so as to estimate water supply in the watershed. WEAP model can be used for investigating and simulating the water system performance under the influence of climate and management scenarios. (Tarek et al., 2017). The purpose of this study was, thus, to investigate the climate change impacts on the amount of streamflow to water supply into the Sattarkhan reservoir as well as the allocation of water in Aharchay watershed. <br /> <br /><strong> </strong> <br /><strong>Methodology</strong> <br />Historical data were used to develop and calibrate the rainfall-runoff. The projections of a GCM were downloaded and downscaled using LARS-WG. The modified weather and resultant streamflow were then implemented in WEAP to analyze climate change impacts on water allocation.<strong>Introduction</strong> <br />Regarding water scarcity and climate change in Iran, it is necessary to choose an appropriate model for water resources management. To study the effects of climate change, the outputs of AOGCMs Models were used (Lane et al., 1999). Downscaled weather data using LARS-WG model were then used in the watershed simulation model to estimate the streamflow and crop water requirement so as to evaluate the effects of climate change. Hydrologic models were, indeed, needed to simulate the streamflow, and input to the watershed simulation model so as to estimate water supply in the watershed. WEAP model can be used for investigating and simulating the water system performance under the influence of climate and management scenarios. (Tarek et al., 2017). The purpose of this study was, thus, to investigate the climate change impacts on the amount of streamflow to water supply into the Sattarkhan reservoir as well as the allocation of water in Aharchay watershed. <br /> <br /><strong> </strong> <br /><strong>Methodology</strong> <br />Historical data were used to develop and calibrate the rainfall-runoff. The projections of a GCM were downloaded and downscaled using LARS-WG. The modified weather and resultant streamflow were then implemented in WEAP to analyze climate change impacts on water allocation.https://jise.scu.ac.ir/article_14333_408a2e54a549148d39e30ac47f70e6b8.pdfShahid Chamran University of AhvazIrrigation Sciences and Engineering2588-595242420191222The Experimental Study of the Flow Pattern and Bed Topography Changes due to Variations in the Angle of the Gabion Spur Dike in the Open Channel with Erodible BedThe Experimental Study of the Flow Pattern and Bed Topography Changes due to Variations in the Angle of the Gabion Spur Dike in the Open Channel with Erodible Bed2112251432410.22055/jise.2018.23734.1692FAZainabBadpaMSc of Water Engineering and Hydraulic Structures, Faculty of Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University.MajidFazliAssistant Professor of civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University.SedighePazinMSc of Water Engineering and Hydraulic Structures, Faculty of Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University.Journal Article20171119The construction of structures such as spur dikes in open channels and rivers is done to control the coastal erosion or water guidance and diversion. Scouring due to changes in the pattern of flow around the structure may result in instability and structural insufficiency, and if designed improperly, it may lead to complete degradation. Thus, the flow pattern and scour depth around the spur dike should be carefully considered. In effect, the type of spur dike used in each project, depending on its usage in the flow path, the depth of scouring and economic considerations must be carefully selected. The open gabion spur dike is one of the most affordable ones and is of high quality in terms of efficiency and ease of construction. <br /> A lot of research has been already conducted on impervious and angled spur dikes, including that of Ezzeldin et al.. In their research, they performed experiments on a blade spur dike at various angles ( 30,60 and 90 degree) and reported that the spur dike at 30 degrees was best in terms of depth of scouring and coastal protection. The maximum scour areas for the spur dike in their research were 90 and 60 degrees upstream of the spur dike, while the maximum scour area for the spur dike is 30 degrees along the length of the spur dike. Moreover, scour at 90 ° and 60 ° was equal, and in some cases higher scouring at a 60 ° angle and an increasing cost of constructing the spur dike in angular mode (Because of the real length of more in equal terms). The use of this type of spur dike was unrealistic at an angle of 60 degrees. In addition, Nagy (2005) showed a time test for the vertical and attracting spur dikes, as the scour rate for larger Froude number was higher, and the scour rate for the vertical state was greater than the attracting state. He further concluded that the angled spur dike had less scour depth and volume. Conducting experiments on the scouring around a trapezoidal spur dike at three angles to the downstream of the adjoining coast in two constricted ratios of 0.25 and 1.05, Kuhnle (2002) concluded that the 45 degree spur dike created the most scouring in the area adjacent to the coast, while less scouring was observed for the spur dikes of 90 and 135 degrees .The construction of structures such as spur dikes in open channels and rivers is done to control the coastal erosion or water guidance and diversion. Scouring due to changes in the pattern of flow around the structure may result in instability and structural insufficiency, and if designed improperly, it may lead to complete degradation. Thus, the flow pattern and scour depth around the spur dike should be carefully considered. In effect, the type of spur dike used in each project, depending on its usage in the flow path, the depth of scouring and economic considerations must be carefully selected. The open gabion spur dike is one of the most affordable ones and is of high quality in terms of efficiency and ease of construction. <br /> A lot of research has been already conducted on impervious and angled spur dikes, including that of Ezzeldin et al.. In their research, they performed experiments on a blade spur dike at various angles ( 30,60 and 90 degree) and reported that the spur dike at 30 degrees was best in terms of depth of scouring and coastal protection. The maximum scour areas for the spur dike in their research were 90 and 60 degrees upstream of the spur dike, while the maximum scour area for the spur dike is 30 degrees along the length of the spur dike. Moreover, scour at 90 ° and 60 ° was equal, and in some cases higher scouring at a 60 ° angle and an increasing cost of constructing the spur dike in angular mode (Because of the real length of more in equal terms). The use of this type of spur dike was unrealistic at an angle of 60 degrees. In addition, Nagy (2005) showed a time test for the vertical and attracting spur dikes, as the scour rate for larger Froude number was higher, and the scour rate for the vertical state was greater than the attracting state. He further concluded that the angled spur dike had less scour depth and volume. Conducting experiments on the scouring around a trapezoidal spur dike at three angles to the downstream of the adjoining coast in two constricted ratios of 0.25 and 1.05, Kuhnle (2002) concluded that the 45 degree spur dike created the most scouring in the area adjacent to the coast, while less scouring was observed for the spur dikes of 90 and 135 degrees .https://jise.scu.ac.ir/article_14324_5568d04e76df033b49d393e70785f05b.pdf