Shahid Chamran University of AhvazIrrigation Sciences and Engineering2588-595235420130219Performance Forecasting of Sugarcane Fields using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy
Inference System (ANFIS)Performance Forecasting of Sugarcane Fields using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy
Inference System (ANFIS)1910793FAMaryamAhmadvandM.Sc Graduated Student,Department of Irrigation & Drainage. Shahid Chamran,University, Ahvaz,IranAbdolrahimHoshmandAssistant Professor, Department of Irrigation & Drainage. Shahid Chamran,University, Ahvaz,IranAdedaliNaseriProfessor, Department of Irrigation & Drainage. Shahid Chamran,University, Ahvaz,Iran0000-0001-6689-2070Journal Article20101006 Sugarcane fields are affected by different parameters and factors such as ground water table, salinity of saturated soil, depth of irrigation, variety and age of plants and etc. Evaluating effects of these parameters, it is possible to propose solutions to maximize sugarcane fields performance.In this paper Adaptive Neuro - Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is used to model the performance of sugarcane fields. This study is performed based on three years data of "Mirza koochak khan cultivation and industry". Results showed that the proposed model has a correlation factor of 0.978, RMSE of 1.35 and error of 3.2 The proposed model has a very high accuracy in performance forecasting of sugarcane fields. <br /> <br /> Sugarcane fields are affected by different parameters and factors such as ground water table, salinity of saturated soil, depth of irrigation, variety and age of plants and etc. Evaluating effects of these parameters, it is possible to propose solutions to maximize sugarcane fields performance.In this paper Adaptive Neuro - Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is used to model the performance of sugarcane fields. This study is performed based on three years data of "Mirza koochak khan cultivation and industry". Results showed that the proposed model has a correlation factor of 0.978, RMSE of 1.35 and error of 3.2 The proposed model has a very high accuracy in performance forecasting of sugarcane fields. <br /> <br /> Shahid Chamran University of AhvazIrrigation Sciences and Engineering2588-595235420130219Dynamic Pressure on Side Walls due to Compact of Flip Bucket JetsDynamic Pressure on Side Walls due to Compact of Flip Bucket Jets112010794FAHassanHosseiniM. Sc. Student, Dept. of Hydraulic Structures, Shahid Chamran Universuty of AhwazManochehrFathimoghadamProfessor, Dept. of Hydraulic Structures, Shahid Chamran Universuty of AhwazZahraAvalinchaharsoghiM. Sc. Student, Dept. of Hydraulic Structures, Shahid Chamran Universuty of AhwazSadeghDehdarM. Sc. Student, Dept. of Hydraulic Structures, Shahid Chamran Universuty of AhwazJournal Article20110626 In study of flip bucket, it is clear that the impact place of the jet with the downstream floor has the highest possibility of erosion compare to other places. Characteristics of dynamic pressure at impact place will enable us to determine the probability of scouring and its rate. It help also to determine possibility of damages to stilling basin bed and stage of particles separation from the bed which is important for design of plunge pool. In this study, the dynamic pressure as result of impact of the flip bucket jet on the bed for different flow discharge and trajectory height is measured. Analysis of the results showed that the plunge pool downstream of flip bucket jets will be effective when ratio of pool water depth to the thickness of the jet (y/B<sub>j</sub> ) is greater than 4. Also, studies on the dynamic pressure fluctuations showed that dynamic pressure is not the maximum possible pressure over bar bed (without cushion water). The pressure fluctuation is the largest when a thin layer of cushion water is existing over the impact place. In fact, this thin layer will provide opportunities for development of vortex and turbulent flows. In study of flip bucket, it is clear that the impact place of the jet with the downstream floor has the highest possibility of erosion compare to other places. Characteristics of dynamic pressure at impact place will enable us to determine the probability of scouring and its rate. It help also to determine possibility of damages to stilling basin bed and stage of particles separation from the bed which is important for design of plunge pool. In this study, the dynamic pressure as result of impact of the flip bucket jet on the bed for different flow discharge and trajectory height is measured. Analysis of the results showed that the plunge pool downstream of flip bucket jets will be effective when ratio of pool water depth to the thickness of the jet (y/B<sub>j</sub> ) is greater than 4. Also, studies on the dynamic pressure fluctuations showed that dynamic pressure is not the maximum possible pressure over bar bed (without cushion water). The pressure fluctuation is the largest when a thin layer of cushion water is existing over the impact place. In fact, this thin layer will provide opportunities for development of vortex and turbulent flows.Shahid Chamran University of AhvazIrrigation Sciences and Engineering2588-595235420130219Water used Optimized Management in Southern Ahwaz Sugarcane Fields.Water used Optimized Management in Southern Ahwaz Sugarcane Fields.213110795FAAliSheynidashtgolDean of, Khuzestan Sugarcane Development and by Products Research and Training Institute.AbedaliNaseriProfessor, Water Science Engineering College, Ahwaz Shahid Chamran University.0000-0001-6689-2070SaeedBoroomandasabProfessor, Water Science Engineering College, Ahwaz Shahid Chamran UniversityHeydaraliKashkouliRetired Professor, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch Khuzestan.Journal Article20110706 Sugarcane is cultivated in extensive area in Khuzestan and is irrigated by hydro-flume or syphon. In a field experiment during 2005-6 at Amir Kabire Agro-Industry, of every other furrow irrigation methods was used on sugarcane to study water Volume, application efficiency and water use efficiency of sugarcane. The experiment was conducted in a Completely Randomized Design with three irrigation level treatments, conventional method (conventional, variable every other furrow (alternative-furrow) and invariable every other (fixed furrow)). This experiment was carried out on. Cp69-1062 sugarcane Varity. The results showed that total consumed water was 29848, 21281 and 20657 m3/ha for conventional, fixed-furrow and alternate-furrow irrigation for conventional, fixed-furrow and alternate-furrow methods, respectively. The total amount of water used was reduced by 30.8% and 28.7%, respectively, in the alternate and fixed-furrow irrigation treatments compared to the conventional irrigation method. <br />The results showed that Water application efficiency in were different levels. The water application efficiency were 41-50 percent (average %45) for conventional method and by irrigation fixed furrow were 74-83 percent (average %78) and by irrigation alternative-furrow were 77-87 percent (average %81) for 1-4 irrigations. water-use efficiency was 0.41, 0.58 and 0.7 kg/m<sup>3</sup> (kg sugar production per m3 water used) for conventional, fixed-furrow and alternate-furrow methods, respectively. <br /> <br /> Sugarcane is cultivated in extensive area in Khuzestan and is irrigated by hydro-flume or syphon. In a field experiment during 2005-6 at Amir Kabire Agro-Industry, of every other furrow irrigation methods was used on sugarcane to study water Volume, application efficiency and water use efficiency of sugarcane. The experiment was conducted in a Completely Randomized Design with three irrigation level treatments, conventional method (conventional, variable every other furrow (alternative-furrow) and invariable every other (fixed furrow)). This experiment was carried out on. Cp69-1062 sugarcane Varity. The results showed that total consumed water was 29848, 21281 and 20657 m3/ha for conventional, fixed-furrow and alternate-furrow irrigation for conventional, fixed-furrow and alternate-furrow methods, respectively. The total amount of water used was reduced by 30.8% and 28.7%, respectively, in the alternate and fixed-furrow irrigation treatments compared to the conventional irrigation method. <br />The results showed that Water application efficiency in were different levels. The water application efficiency were 41-50 percent (average %45) for conventional method and by irrigation fixed furrow were 74-83 percent (average %78) and by irrigation alternative-furrow were 77-87 percent (average %81) for 1-4 irrigations. water-use efficiency was 0.41, 0.58 and 0.7 kg/m<sup>3</sup> (kg sugar production per m3 water used) for conventional, fixed-furrow and alternate-furrow methods, respectively. <br /> <br /> Shahid Chamran University of AhvazIrrigation Sciences and Engineering2588-595235420130219Assessing The Effects of Moisture Absorbent Material Type on Water Holding Capacity of SoilAssessing The Effects of Moisture Absorbent Material Type on Water Holding Capacity of Soil333810796FAAtefehDashtBozorgM. Sc. Student, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz, Iran.GholamabasSayadAssistant Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz, Iran.IrajKazeminezhadAssosiate Professor, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz, Iran.Journal Article20110911 Agriculture is the main consumer of water resources in our country. To increase irrigation efficiency and optimum use of water resources in arid and semiarid area using initiatives such as mulch, organic fertilizers and changes in soil physical properties using various modifiers such as perlite, hydroplus and the like. In order to compare natural and artificial water absorbing material on the soil water retention capacity, three – factor factorial experimental design based on a completely randomized design with 3 treatments of water absorbent material (control (without the water absorbent material), cow manure (15 g per kg soil) and superabsorbent taravat A200 (2g per kg soil)) were performed in loamy sand and clay loam soil in three replicates. Then the amount of soil water was measured for each treatment at intakes of 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 3, 5 and 15 bar and the soil moisture curves were plotted separately. The results showed that there was significant difference among of treatment and two soil texture in various intake and intraction of these factors at the level of 1%. Generaly amount of soil moisture retention capacity in each texture was increased compared to control use of water absorbent material. Superabsorbent polymer in two texture of loamy sand and clay loam, increased volumetric soil moisture content compared to control, respectively 3.5 and 1.3. While this increase was respectively 1.6 and 1.1 for fertilizer. Thus application of polymer in soil, especially in light textures may increase moisture holding capacity may help to improve irrigation project, in arid and semiarid areas. Agriculture is the main consumer of water resources in our country. To increase irrigation efficiency and optimum use of water resources in arid and semiarid area using initiatives such as mulch, organic fertilizers and changes in soil physical properties using various modifiers such as perlite, hydroplus and the like. In order to compare natural and artificial water absorbing material on the soil water retention capacity, three – factor factorial experimental design based on a completely randomized design with 3 treatments of water absorbent material (control (without the water absorbent material), cow manure (15 g per kg soil) and superabsorbent taravat A200 (2g per kg soil)) were performed in loamy sand and clay loam soil in three replicates. Then the amount of soil water was measured for each treatment at intakes of 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 3, 5 and 15 bar and the soil moisture curves were plotted separately. The results showed that there was significant difference among of treatment and two soil texture in various intake and intraction of these factors at the level of 1%. Generaly amount of soil moisture retention capacity in each texture was increased compared to control use of water absorbent material. Superabsorbent polymer in two texture of loamy sand and clay loam, increased volumetric soil moisture content compared to control, respectively 3.5 and 1.3. While this increase was respectively 1.6 and 1.1 for fertilizer. Thus application of polymer in soil, especially in light textures may increase moisture holding capacity may help to improve irrigation project, in arid and semiarid areas.Shahid Chamran University of AhvazIrrigation Sciences and Engineering2588-595235420130219Effects of Water Stress and Fertilization on Yield and Protein of Forage Maize Under Fertigation SystemEffects of Water Stress and Fertilization on Yield and Protein of Forage Maize Under Fertigation System394710797FASepidehEtedaliFormer MSc. student, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University,
Shahrekord, Iran.MohammadrezaNoriememzadeheeAssistant professor, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University,
Shahrekord, Iran.Journal Article20111024 To save and protect of water resources, optimizing of water use in agriculture is inevitable. This research was carried out to study effect of water stress and fertilizer on grain yield and protein content of forage maize. In this regards a factorial experiment design with three replicates was conducted in the experimental field research of ShahrekordUniversity during spring and summer 2010. Experiment factors were irrigation in the four treatments (supplying 60, 80,100 and 120% water requirement, named I<sub>2</sub>, I<sub>3</sub> and I<sub>4</sub>, respectively). Fertilization was included five levels, supplying 0, 60, 80,100 and 120% of the recommended nutrition. Mentioned treatments were named F<sub>0</sub> -as control level, F<sub>1</sub>, F<sub>2</sub>, F<sub>3</sub> and F<sub>4</sub>, respectively. The fertilizers were applied by fertigation. Results indicated that grain yield and protein in maize are significantly affected by water amount, fertilizer level and their interaction. Among irrigation treatments the maximum grain yield (18570 Kg/ha) obtained under I<sub>4</sub> treatment, which wasn't significantly different from that of I<sub>3</sub> treatment (α<1%) and so the maximum quantity protein production (2122 Kg/ha) and maximum protein fraction (13.9%) obtained under I<sub>4</sub> and I<sub>2</sub> treatments, respectively. Among Fertilization treatments the maximum quantity and friction of protein production (17552 and 2188 Kg/ha), respectively obtained under F<sub>4</sub> treatment. In the other hand the maximum protein percent (12.8%) obtained under F<sub>3</sub> treatment that its quantity wasn't significantly different from percent of F<sub>4</sub> treatment (α<1%). Therefore, considering environmental and economic aspects similar to that of this project, Implementation of treatment I<sub>3</sub> combined with fertilizer application rate F<sub>3</sub> is recommended. <br /> <br /> To save and protect of water resources, optimizing of water use in agriculture is inevitable. This research was carried out to study effect of water stress and fertilizer on grain yield and protein content of forage maize. In this regards a factorial experiment design with three replicates was conducted in the experimental field research of ShahrekordUniversity during spring and summer 2010. Experiment factors were irrigation in the four treatments (supplying 60, 80,100 and 120% water requirement, named I<sub>2</sub>, I<sub>3</sub> and I<sub>4</sub>, respectively). Fertilization was included five levels, supplying 0, 60, 80,100 and 120% of the recommended nutrition. Mentioned treatments were named F<sub>0</sub> -as control level, F<sub>1</sub>, F<sub>2</sub>, F<sub>3</sub> and F<sub>4</sub>, respectively. The fertilizers were applied by fertigation. Results indicated that grain yield and protein in maize are significantly affected by water amount, fertilizer level and their interaction. Among irrigation treatments the maximum grain yield (18570 Kg/ha) obtained under I<sub>4</sub> treatment, which wasn't significantly different from that of I<sub>3</sub> treatment (α<1%) and so the maximum quantity protein production (2122 Kg/ha) and maximum protein fraction (13.9%) obtained under I<sub>4</sub> and I<sub>2</sub> treatments, respectively. Among Fertilization treatments the maximum quantity and friction of protein production (17552 and 2188 Kg/ha), respectively obtained under F<sub>4</sub> treatment. In the other hand the maximum protein percent (12.8%) obtained under F<sub>3</sub> treatment that its quantity wasn't significantly different from percent of F<sub>4</sub> treatment (α<1%). Therefore, considering environmental and economic aspects similar to that of this project, Implementation of treatment I<sub>3</sub> combined with fertilizer application rate F<sub>3</sub> is recommended. <br /> <br /> Shahid Chamran University of AhvazIrrigation Sciences and Engineering2588-595235420130219Effect of Riprap Geometric Parameters on Spur Stability at the 90°BendEffect of Riprap Geometric Parameters on Spur Stability at the 90°Bend495810798FAJavadZahiriPhD Student of Hydraulic Structures, Shahid Chamran University of AhwazSeyedmahmoodKashefipoorProfessor of Water Sciences Engineering Faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz0000-0001-7108-828XMahmoodShafaeeBajestanProfessor of Water Sciences Engineering Faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz0000-0003-3688-9561MehdiGhomeshiProfessor of Water Sciences Engineering Faculty, Shahid Chamran University of AhwazJournal Article20111025 Bend outer bank region is always exposed to scour due to secondary flow. Different methods proposed to countermeasure the scour on outer bank. One of the most easiest and economic solution is using spur. As an obstacle in the flow, spur dikes increase the shear stress and scour. Studies about spur dikes show that the most critical point is spur nose. In this study riprap has been used for spur stability. Riprap design at the bend is much different from straight channel because of secondary flow and scouring pattern. In this research the effects of a diameter and the dimensions of riprap mattress were investigated, along with the main hydraulic parameters. Base on existing standards, the extent of protection required around a channel bend was determined. After placing the spurs on the determining part, riprap placed around the spurs with different arrangements. In the experiments after adjustment the discharge, flow depth was gradually decreased until the riprap failure occurred. Design equations were established based on a large number of experimental campaigns to predict riprap failure in terms of the previous set of variables. The proper sizes of riprap obtained from the proposed equations in this research study were compared with the correspondences predicted values by the other existing empirical equations and the correspondence measured values. This comparison shows that existing equations underestimate riprap stone size because ignoring secondary flow and its effect on flow pattern near spur dikes at the bend. This comparison indicates the importance of this study in developing design equations for riprap stability around spur dikes at the bends. Bend outer bank region is always exposed to scour due to secondary flow. Different methods proposed to countermeasure the scour on outer bank. One of the most easiest and economic solution is using spur. As an obstacle in the flow, spur dikes increase the shear stress and scour. Studies about spur dikes show that the most critical point is spur nose. In this study riprap has been used for spur stability. Riprap design at the bend is much different from straight channel because of secondary flow and scouring pattern. In this research the effects of a diameter and the dimensions of riprap mattress were investigated, along with the main hydraulic parameters. Base on existing standards, the extent of protection required around a channel bend was determined. After placing the spurs on the determining part, riprap placed around the spurs with different arrangements. In the experiments after adjustment the discharge, flow depth was gradually decreased until the riprap failure occurred. Design equations were established based on a large number of experimental campaigns to predict riprap failure in terms of the previous set of variables. The proper sizes of riprap obtained from the proposed equations in this research study were compared with the correspondences predicted values by the other existing empirical equations and the correspondence measured values. This comparison shows that existing equations underestimate riprap stone size because ignoring secondary flow and its effect on flow pattern near spur dikes at the bend. This comparison indicates the importance of this study in developing design equations for riprap stability around spur dikes at the bends.Shahid Chamran University of AhvazIrrigation Sciences and Engineering2588-595235420130219Trend Analysis of Precipitation of NW of Iran Over The Past Half of The CenturyTrend Analysis of Precipitation of NW of Iran Over The Past Half of The Century597310799FARasoolMirabassiPh.D Candidate of Water Resources Engineering.YaghoobDinpazhoohAssociate Professor, Department of Water Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20111112 In this study, trends of precipitation of the NW of Iran were examined in monthly, seasonal and annual time scales using the Mann-Kendall method, which is developed in three different variations namely MK1, MK2 and MK3. Data used here were the information of precipitation for 16 selected stations in the period of 1955-2004. The Sen's slope estimator was used for detecting the slope of precipitation trend line. Results showed that there are downward trend in the most of stations for the NW of Iran's precipitation (except the Astara, Rasht and Mahabad stations) in annual time scale. The most strong positive trend slope in the case of annual precipitation belonged to the Astara station, which was equal to 6.42 mm/yr, however, the most strong negative trend slope belonged to the Anzali station, which was equal to -6.18 mm/yr. In monthly time scale, the numbers of months having negative trends were greater than that of the positive ones. All stations were experienced both negative and positive trends except the Jolfa, in which all months experienced negative trends for monthly precipitation data. <br /> <br /> In this study, trends of precipitation of the NW of Iran were examined in monthly, seasonal and annual time scales using the Mann-Kendall method, which is developed in three different variations namely MK1, MK2 and MK3. Data used here were the information of precipitation for 16 selected stations in the period of 1955-2004. The Sen's slope estimator was used for detecting the slope of precipitation trend line. Results showed that there are downward trend in the most of stations for the NW of Iran's precipitation (except the Astara, Rasht and Mahabad stations) in annual time scale. The most strong positive trend slope in the case of annual precipitation belonged to the Astara station, which was equal to 6.42 mm/yr, however, the most strong negative trend slope belonged to the Anzali station, which was equal to -6.18 mm/yr. In monthly time scale, the numbers of months having negative trends were greater than that of the positive ones. All stations were experienced both negative and positive trends except the Jolfa, in which all months experienced negative trends for monthly precipitation data. <br /> <br /> Shahid Chamran University of AhvazIrrigation Sciences and Engineering2588-595235420130219Determination of Nigella sativa L. Water Requirement by Lysimetric Method in an Arid and Semi-arid ClimateDetermination of Nigella sativa L. Water Requirement by Lysimetric Method in an Arid and Semi-arid Climate758210800FAHooshangGhamarniaAssociate professor, Department of Irrigation, college of Agriculture, Razi University.ElhamMiriM. Sc. Student, Associate professor, Department of Irrigation, college of Agriculture, Razi University.MaryamJafarizadehM. Sc. Student, Associate professor, Department of Irrigation, college of Agriculture, Razi University.MokhtarGhobadiAssistant professor, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Razi University.Journal Article20111129 The water requirement of plants for the purposes of water resources management, water program planning, irrigation water use efficiency and to achieve the maximum yield is essential. Indiscriminate use of water and drought phenomenon in the recent years caused a serious problem for water resources management. Therefore, to determine the Nigella sativa L. water requirement a study was conducted in college of agriculture Research Farm in RaziUniversity in the city of Kermanshah during two years (2009-2010 and 2010-2011). During the investigation, the irrigation was determined by using of data logger equipment of IDRG SMS-T1. During the experiments, the soil humidity was determined in field capacity condition. The evapotranspiration was calculated using water balance equation. Finally, the Nigella sativa L. water requirement was detremined as 702.12 and 746.11mm for years 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 and average water requirement was determined as 724.11mm respectively. <br /> <br /> The water requirement of plants for the purposes of water resources management, water program planning, irrigation water use efficiency and to achieve the maximum yield is essential. Indiscriminate use of water and drought phenomenon in the recent years caused a serious problem for water resources management. Therefore, to determine the Nigella sativa L. water requirement a study was conducted in college of agriculture Research Farm in RaziUniversity in the city of Kermanshah during two years (2009-2010 and 2010-2011). During the investigation, the irrigation was determined by using of data logger equipment of IDRG SMS-T1. During the experiments, the soil humidity was determined in field capacity condition. The evapotranspiration was calculated using water balance equation. Finally, the Nigella sativa L. water requirement was detremined as 702.12 and 746.11mm for years 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 and average water requirement was determined as 724.11mm respectively. <br /> <br /> Shahid Chamran University of AhvazIrrigation Sciences and Engineering2588-595235420130219Calibration of SWAP Model for Simulating Crop Yield, Biological Yield and Soybean Water Use EfficiencyCalibration of SWAP Model for Simulating Crop Yield, Biological Yield and Soybean Water Use Efficiency839610803FAHosseinBabazadehAssistant Professor, Department of Water Sciences and Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.MehdiSaraeetabriziYoung Researchers Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20111211 SWAP model is called an agro-hydrological, agronomical-hydrological and eco-hydrological model. In this research, SWAP model was studied for estimation of soybean crop yield, biological yield and available moisture percentage in soil during growing season. In this study, first of all results were sensitivity analyzed and calibrated based on soybean cultivation for four furrow irrigation scenarios in agronomical years 2008-2009. Then it was validated based on field results in agronomical year 2009-2010. The results of this study showed that this model simulated crop yield better than biological yield. Also sensitivity analysis of the model showed that SWAP model is sensitive to input data of residual moisture and saturation hydraulic conductivity and with the least variation in soil input including saturation hydraulic conductivity and residual moisture, output results varied greatly. Based on statistical analyses, with a lot of existing variables, SWAP model can estimate the soil moisture, leaf area index, water use efficiency and crop yield well because in all cases coefficients of determination are higher than 0.8 (are equal to 0.86, 0.87, 0.89 and 0.93 respectively) and root mean square error is less than standard deviation of data and mean comparison T-test did not show significant differences between the simulated and measured amounts. <br /> <br /> SWAP model is called an agro-hydrological, agronomical-hydrological and eco-hydrological model. In this research, SWAP model was studied for estimation of soybean crop yield, biological yield and available moisture percentage in soil during growing season. In this study, first of all results were sensitivity analyzed and calibrated based on soybean cultivation for four furrow irrigation scenarios in agronomical years 2008-2009. Then it was validated based on field results in agronomical year 2009-2010. The results of this study showed that this model simulated crop yield better than biological yield. Also sensitivity analysis of the model showed that SWAP model is sensitive to input data of residual moisture and saturation hydraulic conductivity and with the least variation in soil input including saturation hydraulic conductivity and residual moisture, output results varied greatly. Based on statistical analyses, with a lot of existing variables, SWAP model can estimate the soil moisture, leaf area index, water use efficiency and crop yield well because in all cases coefficients of determination are higher than 0.8 (are equal to 0.86, 0.87, 0.89 and 0.93 respectively) and root mean square error is less than standard deviation of data and mean comparison T-test did not show significant differences between the simulated and measured amounts. <br /> <br /> Shahid Chamran University of AhvazIrrigation Sciences and Engineering2588-595235420130219Determination of Climate Changes on Air Temperature and Shahar-Chai River in the West of Urmia Lake Using Trend and Stationarity AnalysisDetermination of Climate Changes on Air Temperature and Shahar-Chai River in the West of Urmia Lake Using Trend and Stationarity Analysis9710810805FAFarshadAhmadiM. Sc. Student, Water Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University, Iran .KeyvanKhaliliAssistant Professor, Water Engineering Department, Urmia University, Iran.JavadBehmaneshAssistant Professor, Water Engineering Department, Urmia University, Iran.VahidrezaVerdinazhadAssistant Professor, Water Engineering Department, Urmia University, Iran.Journal Article20120222Detecting trend and stationarity in hydrological time series may help us to understand the possible links between hydrological processes and global climate changes. The main purpose of this study is to find any possible relations between streamflow and temperature trend and climate changes. Trend analysis with Mann-Kendall and seasonal Kendall test showed that there is no trend in annual mean discharges but monthly flow series exhibit significant downward trend in specific months. Stationarity tested with five methods which are ADF test, Dickey-Fuller test with GLS detrending (DFGLS), KPSS test, Phillips and Perron test and Elliot, Rothenberg and Stock test. Most annual and monthly discharge series appear to be significantly stationary. All methods for 10 days and daily flow series cannot pass stationarity test even at 1% level. Nonstationarity on daily and 10days timescale might be the result of climate changes. The results imply that because of high dependence of rivers located in the west of UrmiaLake on snow melt water, and temperature, climate change is the main cause of downward trend of ShaharchiRiver and Urmia lake depletion. <br /> <br /> <br /> Detecting trend and stationarity in hydrological time series may help us to understand the possible links between hydrological processes and global climate changes. The main purpose of this study is to find any possible relations between streamflow and temperature trend and climate changes. Trend analysis with Mann-Kendall and seasonal Kendall test showed that there is no trend in annual mean discharges but monthly flow series exhibit significant downward trend in specific months. Stationarity tested with five methods which are ADF test, Dickey-Fuller test with GLS detrending (DFGLS), KPSS test, Phillips and Perron test and Elliot, Rothenberg and Stock test. Most annual and monthly discharge series appear to be significantly stationary. All methods for 10 days and daily flow series cannot pass stationarity test even at 1% level. Nonstationarity on daily and 10days timescale might be the result of climate changes. The results imply that because of high dependence of rivers located in the west of UrmiaLake on snow melt water, and temperature, climate change is the main cause of downward trend of ShaharchiRiver and Urmia lake depletion. <br /> <br /> <br />