نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشیار بخش مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز و پژوهشگر مرکز مطالعات خشکسالی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران
2 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، بخش مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران.
3 استاد بخش مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز و پژوهشگر مرکز مطالعات خشکسالی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران.
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Water shortage is an important obstacle limiting crop production in arid and semi-arid climate such as Iran (Sepaskhah et al., 2006). One of the best solutions to reduce the consumption of irrigation water in agricultural sector is to determine crop evapotranspiration (Gheysari et al., 2006) specially by lysimeters to calculate accurate crop water demand (Razzaghi and Sepaskhah, 2010).
Onion is one of the most important edible vegetables and its annual production in Iran is 2566 thousand tons (Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad, 2021). Onions demand high water requirements and if they face water shortage in the initial stage of growth, their yield is significantly reduced. Considering the problems of water shortage due to excessive consumption and the subsequent increase in the water demand and the need to accurately determine the water requirement of onions, this research aims to determine the single (Kc) and dual crop coefficients (Ke and Kcb), and direct estimation of the standard crop evapotranspiration rate of the onion in three water balance lysimeters. The reference evapotranspiration was calculated using data from a meteorological station and the modified FAO Penman-Monteith equation. The onion standard crop evapotranspiration ETc was determined using the irrigation water balance lysimeter and equation, and thereafter, the single crop coefficients at different growth stages were calculated. Due to the presence of a micro-lysimeter, the amount of evaporation coefficient () and transpiration coefficient () in different growth stages were also calculated. The mean values of the single crop coefficient in the initial, mid, and end growth stages were 0.50, 1.04, and 0.7, respectively. The Ke coefficient in the initial, mid, and final growth stages were 0.42, 0.26, and 0.47, respectively. The Kcb in the initial, mid, and end growth stages were 0.08, 0.78, and 0.22, respectively.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
This research was carried out from the middle of May to the end of October 2019 in three water balance lysimeters of the School of Agriculture, Shiraz University. Meteorological data was taken from a meteorological station that is only 10 meters away from the lysimeters. Onion seeds were sown at a depth of 3 cm in 4 rows per lysimeter and the distance between the rows was 25 cm and the distance between the plants on the row was 15 cm. The area around the lysimeters was cultivated with the same onion seeds to minimize the oasis effect on the lysimeters. At the beginning of cultivation, 100 kg of diammonium phosphate fertilizer was given to each lysimeter. Also, during the growing season, 200 kg/ha of urea fertilizer containing 46% nitrogen (equivalent to 92 kg nitrogen) was equally applied to the soil inside the lysimeters in two stages (94 and 117 days after sowing).
Standard onion evapotranspiration (ETC) was determined using the water balance method. Evaporation from the soil surface (E) was measured by micro-lysimeters with 30 cm height and 9 cm diameter. The amount of transpiration (T) was calculated from the difference between ETC and E. The amount of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was calculated using modified Pentman-Mantieth-FAO equation by Razzaghi and Sepaskhah (2012). The single (Kc) and dual (Ke and Kcb) crop coefficients were calculated using ETc, T, E, and ETo. In addition, the amount of direct standard crop evapotranspiration of onions was calculated using the Penman-FAO equation. Also, the onion yield, onion bulb nitrogen concentration, and water productivity were determined at harvest.
Results and Discusspn
In this study, the length of initial, development, mid and end stages of onion was determined as 56, 64, 25, and 21 days, respectively. The value of ETc , T, and E were 651.2 mm, 296 mm, and 355.2 mm, respectively. Also, the results showed that there was a significant difference between ET0 and ETc (about 3 mm/ days) from sowing to about 50 days after sowing , which was caused by the slow growth of onions at the beginning of the growing season (Fig. 1). The value of ETc equal to 2.29 mm/day on the first day of sowing showed the value of evaporation from the soil surface (Fig. 1). The initial, mid, and end Kc were 0.50, 1.04, and 0.7, respectively. In a research carried out in Spain, the onion initial, mid, and end Kc were 0.65, 1.20, and 0.75, respectively (López-Urrea et al., 2009). Moreover, the average values of Ke in the initial, middle, and end stages were obtained as 0.42, 0.26 and 0.47, respectively. The Kcb values in the initial, middle, and end stages were 0.08, 0.78, and 0.22, respectively. From the above results, it can be concluded that low Kcb in the initial stage was due to the slow growth of the onion and the lack of aerial organs. Also, the slope of the linear regression between the calculated (direct method) and measured (lysimeter) ETc in the validation stage indicated that the calculated ETc was 4% lower than the measured values. The correlation coefficient value of 0.85 in the validation stage indicated the acceptable accuracy of the calculated values.
Fig. 1- The variation of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) and onion standard crop evapotranspiration (ETc) during the growing season (DAS: Days after sowing)
Also, the average fresh and dry weight of onion bulbs at the end of the growing season was 23.9 and 3.7 tons per hectare, respectively. In another study, the effect of three levels of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and yield of Zargan onion was investigated, and the results showed that the dry weight of single onion bulbs at the level of 100% irrigation and 200 kg of nitrogen fertilizer per hectare (in the form of urea) was equal to 3.58 grams (Roohparvar, 2020). The allowable concentration of nitrate in onion was declared to be less than 20 mg per 100 g of fresh weight (Lorenze, 1978). According to the measured nitrogen concentration in the bulb (2 %) and the low value of nitrite in the soil, this amount of nitrogen concentration is within the allowable range. Moreover, the irrigation water productivity, and irrigation water productivity per evapotranspiration were equal to 4.9, and 4.1 kg/m3 per hectare, respectively.
Conclusions
In this research, the value of onion standard evaporationtranspiration was calculated using lysimeter data and water balance method . The values of ETc , T, and E were 651.2 mm, 296 mm, and 355.2 mm, respectively. The initial, mid and end single crop coefficients were 0.50, 1.04, and 0.7, respectively. Also, the Kcb coefficient values were calculated as 0.08, 0.78, and 0.22 in the initial, middle, and end growth stages, respectively . The obtained coefficient can be used by farmers, researchers, designers and consulting engineers to determine the accurate value of onion irrigation water requirement specially in regions facing water shortage such as Iran.
The authors are grateful for the support of Shiraz University, Drought Research Center, and Center of Excellence for On-Farm Water Management.
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