بررسی تاثیر کاربری اراضی و طبقات شیب بر هدررفت عناصر غذایی در رواناب تولیدی با استفاده از باران‌ساز مصنوعی (مطالعه موردی در حوضه آبخیز کاکاشرف- لرستان)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش آموخته دکتری رشته علوم خاک، گرایش فیزیک و حفاظت خاک دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز و عضو هیات علمی دانشگاه جامع علمی کاربردی .

2 دانشیار گروه خاکشناسی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شهیدچمران اهواز

3 استادگروه خاکشناسی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز

4 دانشیار سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، پژوهشکده حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری

چکیده

هدررفت عناصر غذایی و کاهش حاصل­خیزی خاک از مهم­ترین اثرات تخریب خاک است. بنابراین نیاز است که عوامل مؤثر بر آن در حوضه­های مختلف مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. حوضه آبخیز کاکاشرف در استان لرستان از جمله حوضه­هایی است که در معرض تخریب قرار دارد. لذا در این حوضه، تأثیر نوع کاربری اراضی (مرتع، جنگل و زراعت) و طبقات شیب (10، 20 و 30 درصد) بر هدررفت فسفر و پتاسیم در رواناب تولید شده ، بررسی شد. در این تحقیق با استفاده از دستگاه شبیه­ساز باران، از شش زیر حوضه، تعداد 93 واقعه باران با شدت 36 میلی­متر در ساعت و با تداوم 30 دقیقه ایجاد و میزان تلفات عناصر فسفر و پتاسیم ناشی از هر بارش در سه کاربری و سه سطح شیب اندازه­گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که میانگین هدررفت فسفر در رواناب در سه کاربری جنگل، مرتع و زراعت به­ترتیب 22/0، 26/0 و 21/0 میلی­گرم بر کیلوگرم خاک و در سه شیب 10، 20 و 30 درصد 22/0، 21/0 و 25/0 میلی­گرم برکیلوگرم بود. همچنین میانگین هدررفت پتاسیم در کاربری جنگل، مرتع و زراعت به­ترتیب 38/18، 32/22 و 71/18 میلی­گرم برکیلوگرم و در سه شیب 10، 20 و 30 درصد به­ترتیب 74/20، 71/18 و 96/19 میلی­گرم بر کیلوگرم برآورد گردید. تجزیه واریانس اثر کاربری بر هدررفت فسفر و پتاسیم نشان داد که هدررفت فسفر در رواناب در شیب­های 10، 20 و 30 درصد و هدررفت پتاسیم در رواناب در شیب 30 درصد معنی­دار نبود. ولی اثر کاربری بر مقدار هدررفت پتاسیم در شیب 10درصد در سطح پنج درصد و در شیب 20 درصد در سطح یک درصد معنی­دار بود. همچنین اثر شیب بر هدررفت فسفر در کاربری جنگل در سطح یک درصد و زراعت در سطح پنج درصد معنی­دار ولی در کاربری مرتع معنی­دار نشد.  اثر شیب بر هدررفت پتاسیم در کاربری­های مرتع و جنگل معنی­دار نبود و تنها در کاربری زراعت معنی­دار شد. با افزایش شیب غلظت هدرفت فسفر روند افزایشی و غلظت هدررفت پتاسیم روند کاهشی نشان داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Land use Type and Slope Degree on Phosphorous and Potassium Losses in Runoff Using Rainfall Simulators (Case study: Kakasharaf Watershed Basin, Lorestan)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Kianoush Behrahi 1
  • Gholam Abbas sayyad 2
  • Ahmad Landi 3
  • Hamid reza peyrowan 4
1 Ph.D Student, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. Ahvaz, Iran.
3 Professor, Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. Ahvaz, Iran.hsjhn
4 Conservation and Watershed Management Institute, Iran Associate professor of Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Soil
چکیده [English]

Water erosion causes serious damage to all natural ecosystems, including the soil and nutrients loss (Collman et al., 2010). Nutrients loss and soil fertility reduction are the most important effects of soil erosion, which increase the fertility of soils in downward of the basin and cause contamination of surface and underground water (Telles et al., 2013). Soil loss is a serious problem in developing countries and has been a source of concern (Wolancho, 2012). Phosphorus and potassium are important elements in agricultural products. Each of the mentioned elements has especial behavior in transferring by runoff. Potassium is very mobile in comparison with phosphorus, so it is easily displaced by water from the runoff process. Despite numerous studies done in the world regarding the loss of elements in runoff and sediment, there is no accurate information in this regard in Iran. In Lorestan Province, due to the lack of attention to land suitability in land uses, basins are severely subject to erosion and soil degradation. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of slope and type of land use on the loss of potassium and phosphorus in runoff in Kakasharaf Basin in Lorestan province.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Soil loss
  • phosphorus
  • Potassium
  • Forest
  • Pasture
  • Agriculture
1-     Abbasi, K., Neishabouri, M., Ustan, Sh., and, Ahmadi, A., 2014. Effects of Hydromalch and Polyacrylamide on runoff, sediment yield and K and P, N elements loss in laboratory conditions. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 24 (4): 247-259 (In Persian).
 
2-     Abbasi, M., Najafinejad, A., Bardi Sheikh, W., and Azim Mohseni. M., 2016. Runoff changes, soil and nutrient elements losses in different vegetation habitats in Loess lands (Case study: Kechik watershed of Golestan province). Water and Soil Conservation Research Journal, 2 (3): 91-109. (In Persian).
 
3- Assouline, S., and Ben-Hur. M., 2006. Effects of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on the dynamics of interrill erosion during soil surface sealing. Catena.66: 211-220.
 
4- Conant, R.T., Six, J. and Paustian, K., 2003. Land use effects on soil carbon fractions in the southeastern United States. I. Management-intensive versus extensive grazing. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 38(6), pp.386-392.
 
5- Ekwu, E. I. and Harrilal. A., 2010. Effect of soil type, peat, slope, compaction effort and their interactions on infiltration, runoff and raindrop erosion of some Trinidadian soils. Biosystems Engineering, 105(1), 112-118.
 
6- Ekwue, E.I., Bharat, C. and Samaroo, K., 2009. Effect of soil type, peat and farmyard manure addition, slope and their interactions on wash erosion by overland flow of some Trinidadian soils. Biosystems engineering, 102(2), pp.236-243.
 
7- Emadi, M., Baghernejad, M, Fathi, H. and Saffari, M., 2008. Effect of Land Use Change on Selected Soil Physical and Chemical Properties in North Highlands of Iran. Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(3): 496-502.
 
8- Farokhzadeh, B., Ildemi, A., Ataeean, B., and Noroozi. M., 2015. Evaluation of Land Use Effect on Suspended Load, Using SWAT Model (Case Study: Yalfan Watershed, Hamadan Province), Journal of Environmental Erosion Research, 3 (19): 28-46.
 
9- Fu, B.J., Meng, Q.H. Qiu, Y. Zhao, W.W. Zhang, Q.J. and Davidson. D.A., 2004. Effects of Land use on Soil Erosion and Nitrogen Loss in the Hilly area of the Loess Plateau, China. Land Degradation & Development 15: 87-96.
 
10- Ghorbani Qohfarrokhi, N., Reeisi, F., and Ghorbani. Sh., 2013. Effect of grazing on the distribution of organic carbon, total nitrogen and mineralization of carbon on various components of soil particle in rangelands with a history of cultivation. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 23 (1): 209-222.
 
11- Ide, J.I., Haga, H., Chiwa, M. and Otsuki, K., 2008. Effects of antecedent rain history on particulate phosphorus loss from a small forested watershed of Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa). Journal of Hydrology. 352: 322– 335.
 
12- Kauffman J.B., Sanford R.L. Cummings D.L. Salcedo I.H. and Sampaio. E.V., 1993. Biomass and nutrient dynamics associated with slash fires in neotropical dry forests. Journal of Ecology, 74 (1): 140-151.
 
13- Kuhlman, T., Reinhard, S., and Gaaff. A., 2010. Estimating the costs and benefits of soil conservation in Europe. Land Use Policy, 27: 22-32.
 
14- Lal, R. 1999. Soil quality and food security: the global perspective. In: Lal, R. (Ed.), Soil Quality and Soil Erosion. Soil and Water Conservation Society and CRC Press, Boca Raton.
 
15- Mahtab, F.U. and Karim. Z., 1992. Population and agricultural land use: towards a sustainable food production system in Bangladesh. Ambio, 21:50-55.
 
16- Marcos, H.C. Aurelie, B. and Jeffrey, A. C., 2003. Effects of large-scale changes in land cover on the discharge of the Rocantins River, Southeastern Amazonia. Journal of Hydrology, 283: 206-217.
 
17- Mihara, M., N. Yamamoto and Ueno, T., 2005. Application of USLE for the prediction of nutrient losses in soil erosion processes. Paddy Water Environ. (3):111–119.
 
18- Navas, N. 1993. Soil losses under simulated rainfall in semi-arid shrublands of the Ebro Valley, Spain. Soil Use and Manage. 9 (4):152-156.
 
19- Niknahad Qarmakhar, H., and Maramaei, M., 2011. Study of the Effects of Land Use Change on Soil Properties (Case Study: Kichik Watershed). Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production, 1 (2): 81-96.
 
20- Noor, H., Mirnia, S.KH. Fazli, S., Reeisi, M.B., and Vafakhah, M., 2010. Application of MUSLE for the Prediction of phosphorus losses. Water Science and Technology, 62(4): 809- 815.
 
21- Olsen, S. R., Cole, C., Watanabe, F. S., and Deam, L. A., 1954. Estimation of available phosphorous in soils by extraction with Sodium bicarbonate. USDA.
 
22- Peng, T., and Wang, S., 2012. Effects of land use, land cover and rainfall regimes on the surface runoff cover and rainfall regimes on the surface runoff, Catena, 90: 53–62.
 
23- Perez-Latorre. FJ. Castro, LD. and Delgado, A., 2010. A comparison of two variable intensity rainfall simulators for runoff studies. Soil and Till Res 107: 11-16.
 
24- Richardson, C. and King, K.W., 1996. Erosion and nutrient losses from zero tillage on a clay soil, journal of Agriculture Engineering Research, 61: 81-86.
 
25- Roghani, M., Mahdavi, M. and Ghafouri, A., 2003. Introduction of a method in recognition of effective places in peak flood levels for planning control and reduce flood damage in the watersheds of the country, case study: Rudak basin, Journal of Research and Construction.
 
26- Roose, E.R., Lal, R., Feller, C., Barthes, B., and Stewart, B.A., 2005. Soil erosion and carbon dynamic: conclusion and perspectives. CRC press, Boca Raton, USA. 331-339.
 
27- Reeisi, F., Mohammadi, J., and, Asadi, A., 2005. Effect of long-term graze on the dynamics of litter carbon in the green meadow ecosystem of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 3: 81-92.
 
28- Reeisian, R., Charkhabi, A.H., and Nikooee Mehr., M., 2010. Comparison of soil losses under intensive grazing management and rainfed cultivation in the northern Karoon, Gorgak watershed. Journal of Engineering and Watershed Management, 3 (2): 113-123.
 
29- Sadeghi, S.H., Sharifi Moghaddam, A., and Gholami., l., 2014. The effect of rice straw on the production of surface runoff and soil loss in small plots. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 3 (4): 73-83.
 
30- Shinjo, H., Hirata, M., Konga, N., and Kosak, T., 2002. Evaluation of water erosion risk and recommendation for sustainable land use northeastern Syria. 17th World Congress of Soil Science, Thailand, Paper No. 1175.
31-Sheikh Rabiei, M., Feiznia, S., and Peyrowan, H. R., 2011. Estimation of runoff and soil losses in work units of Hiv watershed basin, Comparison of the Rainfall simulator scale. Journal of Earth Sciences, 20 (80): 60-57.
 
32- Tajari, S., Barani, M., Khormali, F., and Kiani. F., 2013. The effect of land use changes on soil in organic phosphorus in loess area in Toshan, Golestan province. J. Water Soil. 29(2): 453-465.
 
33- Telles, T.S., Falci Dechen, C., Souza, S., Antonio, G., Souza, D., and Guimarães, L., 2013. Valuation and assessment of soil erosion costs.Sci. Agric, 70(3): 209-216.
 
34- Terranova, O., Antronico, R. Coscarelli, R. and laquinta, P., 2009. Soil erosion risk scenarios in the Mediterranean environment using RUSLE and GIS: an application model for Calabria (Southern Italy). Geomorphology, 112: 228-254.
 
35- Thomas GW, 1982. Exchangeable cations. Pp. 159-165. In: Page AL (ed.). Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 2nd ed. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, USA.
 
36- Troeh Frederick R.,   Arthur Hobbs, J. Donahue, Roy L. 2003. Soil and water conservation for productivity and environment protection, (4th Edition), Prentice Hall, 672 pages
37- Wolancho, L.W.2012.Watershed management: An option to station dam and reservoir function in Ethiopia. Environmental Science and Technology,5: 262–273.
 
38- Zhang, H., El Kateb, H., Zhang, P., and Mosandl, R., 2013. Soil erosion and surface runoff on different vegetation covers and slope gradients: A field experiment in Southern Shaanxi Province China. Catena. 105: 1–10.
دوره 41، شماره 1
اردیبهشت 1397
صفحه 195-209
  • تاریخ دریافت: 14 اسفند 1395
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 24 اردیبهشت 1396
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 17 خرداد 1396
  • تاریخ انتشار: 01 اردیبهشت 1397